\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}\newcommand{\bs}{\boldsymbol}
\newcommand{\dp}{\displaystyle}
\newcommand{\rm}{\mathrm}
\newcommand{\cl}{\mathcal}
\newcommand{\pd}{\partial}\\\newcommand{\cd}{\cdot}
\newcommand{\cds}{\cdots}
\newcommand{\dds}{\ddots}
\newcommand{\lag}{\langle}
\newcommand{\lv}{\lVert}
\newcommand{\ol}{\overline}
\newcommand{\od}{\odot}
\newcommand{\ra}{\rightarrow}
\newcommand{\rag}{\rangle}
\newcommand{\rv}{\rVert}
\newcommand{\seq}{\subseteq}
\newcommand{\td}{\tilde}
\newcommand{\vds}{\vdots}
\newcommand{\wh}{\widehat}\\\newcommand{\0}{\boldsymbol{0}}
\newcommand{\1}{\boldsymbol{1}}
\newcommand{\a}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{a}}}
\newcommand{\b}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{b}}}
\newcommand{\c}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{c}}}
\newcommand{\d}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{d}}}
\newcommand{\e}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{e}}}
\newcommand{\f}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{f}}}
\newcommand{\g}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{g}}}
\newcommand{\h}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{h}}}
\newcommand{\i}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{i}}}
\newcommand{\j}{\boldsymbol{j}}
\newcommand{\m}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{m}}}
\newcommand{\n}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{n}}}
\newcommand{\o}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{o}}}
\newcommand{\p}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{p}}}
\newcommand{\q}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{q}}}
\newcommand{\r}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{r}}}
\newcommand{\u}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{u}}}
\newcommand{\v}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{v}}}
\newcommand{\w}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{w}}}
\newcommand{\x}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{x}}}
\newcommand{\y}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{y}}}
\newcommand{\z}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{z}}}\\\newcommand{\A}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{A}}}
\newcommand{\B}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{B}}}
\newcommand{\C}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{C}}}
\newcommand{\D}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{D}}}
\newcommand{\H}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{H}}}
\newcommand{\I}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{I}}}
\newcommand{\K}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{K}}}
\newcommand{\M}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{M}}}
\newcommand{\N}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{N}}}
\newcommand{\P}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{P}}}
\newcommand{\Q}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Q}}}
\newcommand{\S}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{S}}}
\newcommand{\U}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{U}}}
\newcommand{\W}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{W}}}
\newcommand{\X}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{X}}}
\newcommand{\Y}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Y}}}
\newcommand{\Z}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Z}}}\\\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}\\\newcommand{\cE}{\mathcal{E}}
\newcommand{\cX}{\mathcal{X}}
\newcommand{\cY}{\mathcal{Y}}\\\newcommand{\ld}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\Ld}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{\Lambda}}}
\newcommand{\sg}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\Sg}{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{\Sigma}}}
\newcommand{\th}{\theta}
\newcommand{\ve}{\varepsilon}\\\newcommand{\mmu}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}
\newcommand{\ppi}{\boldsymbol{\pi}}
\newcommand{\CC}{\mathcal{C}}
\newcommand{\TT}{\mathcal{T}}\\
\newcommand{\bb}{\begin{bmatrix}}
\newcommand{\eb}{\end{bmatrix}}
\newcommand{\bp}{\begin{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\ep}{\end{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\bv}{\begin{vmatrix}}
\newcommand{\ev}{\end{vmatrix}}\\\newcommand{\im}{^{-1}}
\newcommand{\pr}{^{\prime}}
\newcommand{\ppr}{^{\prime\prime}}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]
Data Mining and Machine Learning
Study notes of Data Mining and Machine Learning, 2nd Edition by Mohammed J. Zaki and Magner Meira, JR